Showing posts with label coffee gayo. Show all posts
Showing posts with label coffee gayo. Show all posts
The Taste Of Gayo Coffee
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Gayo Highlands as the largest supplier of arabica coffee in Asia currently has a variety of ways residents Gayo coffee. Initially, residents prefer Gayo coffee Robusta coffee drinks as raw material. This is based on a sense that is considered more suitable for tongue population.
Apart from the taste, the higher the caffeine content be other reasons. As is known, since a small community in the Highlands of Aceh is already accustomed to drinking coffee. 3-5 cups a day can achieve even more. 

Robusta coffee plantations in the early Gayo, considered more easy to maintain. Or even no treatment at all. Once planted, the tree is allowed to grow to a diameter of enlarged Robusta coffee which indicates this type have lived for decades. 

Another reason people Gayo robusta coffee plant, especially in the outskirts of Takengon as desolate land. Robusta is considered suitable and able to live a barren areas, especially temperate or hotter lowlands. 

Stars such as the District, Nara penance, until the District Linge, Linge former Muslim kingdom. According Rasidin, a businessman in Takengon ground coffee, Robusta coffee he took many residents of several districts that had been judged the best in quality Robusta Central Aceh. 

"People in some of the District's sultry Takengon robusta coffee making as savings", said Rasidin is now multi-hundreds of millions of products a month dominated robusta coffee powder. 

How can ?. It is said Rasidin, a resident in the District fringe Takengon Robusta then drying the harvested fruit to dry skin. 

"Robusta coffee dried and stored over new homes for sale currently in need of money for various domestic purposes. Robusta coffee can be stored dry months and even years, "said Rasidin. 

Together robusta coffee, coffee plantations beginning in Takengon, highland community is also planting early varieties, namely, Jember and Ramong. After the era of Robusta, Jember and varieties Ramong, coffee plantations are now entering the decade Gayo Arabica coffee based preferred international coffee market. Dozens of varieties of Arabica, such as Super Ateng, Ateng Jaluk, teams, Borbor, East Timor Super and some other varieties, dominated plantation residents. 

Whatever type of coffee, it turns out different ways to enjoy coffee Takengon interesting people to follow. 

Many stories of how people's highlands sipping coffee as the beverage is always obliged to be there. If you are at home, drinking coffee farmers Gayo usually elegantly. 

Powdered coffee brewed with boiling hot water recently. Always use white sugar from sugar cane or some that use palm sugar. Well if it was in the garden or peruweren. Peruweren is the location of the Gayo people herding buffalo. Its location is usually in forested areas away from settlements. 

Coffee made ​​more spesipik. Style adventurers. This is the most interesting part of drinking coffee in the Gayo. The trick, coffee powder put into a container of water. Then cooked over boiling perapian.Setelah furnace, hot water already containing powder in a cup of hot coffee poured recently given gula.Gulanya, white sugar or brown sugar. 

One time, late afternoon promenade with the cool mountain town of Takengon which according to Malik Mahmud Mentroe like Switzerland, with a row of pine mercusi and view the lake, I open up the internet while waiting for customers. 

Ria Ayu come together. Both are crew manager lovegayo internet news site that was launched from Takengon. Site lovegayo.com originally derived from social networking communities that make up the page itself, I Love Gayo. 

Ria prefer taking a latte. Coffee is made ​​from coffee extracts predominantly fresh milk plus milk foam (foam). While Ayu, tall girl, prefer espresso. Coffee extract. I was somewhat surprised. Because Ayulah warungku the first woman in the espresso coffee. 

Originally Ayu also a little hesitant to drink espresso. Whether to risk drinking it. I assure Ayu, no matter if it's ngak Ayu coffee enthusiasts. Ayu uprise espresso. 

"Wow this woman is also critical. Really coffee addict ", i said only in the liver. 

In contrast to Ayu, the other is Roni coffee addict, entrepreneur famous stall in Jalan Sengeda Takengon, Walnuts. The young white man, if not quite a coffee cup. One glass first, Roni usually drink espresso. Coffee bergelas small size is only 30 milliliters. After the usual Roni uprise cappuccino or black coffee. 

Similarly, some foreigners who traveled to Takengon. As Sofie and Hilda. Both drank each of the three cups of coffee from a different menu. Generally, the Caucasians is often invoked Jeget because of his skin color, drink coffee in a long time. They really enjoyed every sip of coffee. The first glass, cappuccino, then black coffee and coffee ice closed. 

Western tourists are generally drink coffee, however difficult it is, without sugar. They really enjoy the taste of bitter coffee but raise a addiction. Of the fanatic coffee drinker, yesterday night (4/28/11) I had guests. 

Win His name, his face filled with feathers. Beard, mustache and sideburns. Small boned. Like the man Aceh coast. Because his father came from the coast of Aceh. Win represents Coastal macho character, with mancungnya nose. His appearance kalem.Sorot sharp eyes. Skinny. Fur on his face seems to always be shaved. 

I know Win is long. His profession is an agent Aceh newspaper publications. Staying at Paya Tumpi. Although Win know, I do not know close to him. If you live in Jakarta, I'm sure it could be a soap star Win Teuku Wisnu.Hehehe beat. 

Win come evening. Sitting on a bar stool. Yellow jacket and jeans pants. "My Teku Mane betih fig espresso machine isien boh", said Win opened the conversation. I smiled. When Win dating last night, I had to come home because of the rain and I counted no more guests who come to drink coffee. 

After talking kuojong kuralek, Win messages coffee. "Espresso well," said Win. Earlier I heard from a staff Bergendal Coffee, Juhka, one of their customers is Win. But I do not suspect that heavy coffee drinkers Win. 

Win like uprise water only. One cup of espresso passing quickly from his throat. Win then order the next cup. Americano. Double Shot coffee drinks. Size for two cups into one glass. 

I asked Win, whether Amricanonya mixed hot water. Because there are two ways to drink coffee Americano. Pure coffee without additional hot water or hot water added. Win states without interfering hot water. Serious thought. Win enjoy Americano bit long.

When will menggrinder coffee, Win asked me to smooth the coffee grinder finer (Finer). Not too coarse (coarser) so that the resulting coffee is more concentrated and longer flow. 

Two glasses through his throat. Win did not stop, he wants to close the Friday night drinking coffee with cappuccino. According to Win, he often drank coffee once sitting up above cost Rp 50 thousand. 

Win argue, is able to eliminate opium-smoking coffee in his body. Therefore, this man was able to drink coffee in large quantities at one sitting. "I never drink coffee at coffee Bergendal to tremble," Win said to me.

"After drinking coffee, morning, I saw my urine becomes yellow. Mean nicotine cigarettes has been cleared, "said Win argue. I do not know whether true or not understand Win. 

According Juhka, an employee Bergendal Coffee, a time he serve coffee drinkers who come to Bergendal Kopi.Lelaki this coming, I'm guessing Juhka are farmers. Still young. 

"Bang, osah abangpe Kupi",with gayo language said farmers in Juhka while sitting. Because the order is not clear, given Juhka Espresso coffee farmers. When he saw a small espresso cups, these farmers had protested. 

"Well Kupi kucakni gelase sanake this song", said farmers in this teritit protest. Juhka give a jar of white sugar on the farmer. After being given sugar, farmer's drinking. Then shouted again, "Well there Kupi this to the very bitter", he said on Juhka little scream. 

Juhka just smiled. We will pay, these farmers also protested again. "Kupi there to this song pedi mall", he said again on Juhka. Juhka back smiling. Perhaps out of curiosity, said Juhka, young farmers dating back to Bergendal next day. 

He came with some friends. "Kupi bang Jn. Kupi mane song enti yoh ", he said on Juhka. Juhka just smiled broadly.

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The History Of Gayo Coffee
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Gayo coffee history when the Dutch colonial


Takengon which is one of the world's best coffee producer and exporter of Indonesia's largest coffee abroad proved to have its own history. Gayo Land is a pretty good place for a coffee plantation with an altitude of 1,000 to 1,300 meters above sea level. according to Dutch insyinyur that the best coffee is at an altitude of 1200 meters above sea level. Four places in Tanah Gayo Dutch plantations, among others Takengon district, and the central highlands.


Early Dutch colonists open the coffee plantations


As expressed by Mr. Tomo and Mr. Jafar as the former plantation worker, plantation workers brought the Dutch from Java in 1931 for diperkebunan employed, for the workers of the plantation area consists of hundreds of workers and having each function, there placed as foreman or supervisor or a supervisor plantation workers. 
As with Javanese culture, the beginning of each payday Dutch holding entertainment events like Ketoprak, puppets etc. as popular entertainment. Besides the earlier settlers of the plantation region existing indigenous tribe, namely (Gayo). When the Dutch introduced coffee plants to new Gayo Gayo society was at that time aware of any marketed Coffee Gayo however difficult because the trade is still dominated by the Dutch.


Dutch introduced coffee plants in Gayo


Gayo Highlands community at that time was the time before the arrival of the Dutch farming community just Gayo bersawah and other farming. Dutch start investments introduce Plant Coffee, Tea, avocado, pine and Eggplant Agur. When the avocado is a special luxury food Dutch people, but dogs that have proven popular avocado avocado seed grows everywhere so it can not be controlled by the Dutch again. Eggplant Agur which some people call a typical food Gayo (Gayo Cecah). Dutch do not just coffee plants iventasinya wrote but there are also plants that are planted by the Dutch pine and nursery done in Lampahan, Bener Meriah districts are then planted diseputaran Lake Laut Tawar and partly Large districts in the region Linge, Linge, a plateau 1400 meters above sea level, so it is not suitable for coffee but in Linge Pinus Pine sap turns produces the best in the world.

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History of Coffee In Aceh, Indonesia
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In Aceh there are two types of coffee that is cultivated Arabica coffee and Robusta coffee. Two types of Aceh Gayo coffee is very famous Gayo coffee (Arabica) and Ulee Kareeng coffee (Robusta). For Arabica coffee types are generally cultivated in the highlands region "Gayo Land", Southeast Aceh and Gayo Lues, whereas in Pidie district (especially Tangse region and Geumpang) and more dominant West Aceh developed by the people here in the form of Robusta coffee. 

Arabica coffee is rather large and dark green, oval leaves, trees reaching seven meters high. But in coffee plantations, tree height is kept to a range of 2-3 meters. The goal is that easy when harvested. Arabica coffee trees begin producing fruit within its first three years. Normally branches grow from the stem with a length of about 15 cm. Younger leaves above color because sunlight while darker underneath. Each bar accommodates 10-15 small flowers that would be the coffee fruit. From this process emerged later called the coffee cherry fruit, oval-shaped, two pieces side by side. 
Coffee Gayo is one commodity that comes from the Gayo Highlands. Coffee plantations have been developed since 1908 it thrives in the central highlands and Central Aceh. Both areas are located at an altitude of 1200 m from the sea level have the largest coffee plantation in Indonesia, with an area of ​​about 81,000 ha. Each 42,000 ha located in the central highlands and the remaining 39,000 ha in Central Aceh district. 
Gayo is a tribal name that inhabit this area. The majority of people living as Gayo Coffee Growers. Arabica coffee varieties dominate the type developed by Gayo coffee farmers. Arabica coffee production resulting from the Gayo Land is the largest in Asia 

Gayo coffee is one typical of the archipelago from Aceh coffee is pretty much favored by various groups in the world. Gayo coffee aroma and flavor that is very distinctive. Most existing coffee, bitter taste still left in our tongue, but not so in the Gayo coffee. Hardly felt the bitter taste of the coffee. Gayo coffee flavor found in the original fragrant aroma and savory taste almost bitter. Even some who argue that the taste of the coffee exceeds taste Gayo Blue Mountain coffee from Jamaica. Aceh Gayo Gayo coffee from plantations in the central highlands people, Central Aceh. In the area of coffee grown in an organic way without chemicals so coffee is also known as green coffee (environmentally friendly). Gayo coffee is touted as the best organic coffee in the world.
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Coffee Developments In Indonesia
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Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer in the world after Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia. The ability of Indonesia as one of the largest coffee producer in the world is a long story since the days of the Dutch East Indies government since the early 1900s. At that time, the Dutch East Indies government made ​​coffee as one of the export commodity. produced by coffee plantations managed by the Dutch government and almost all of these are exported, except unsold coffee exported. This low-quality coffee sold to the domestic market. In line with the establishment of coffee plantations at that time, then mushroomed precisely ground coffee processing industry, although the majority of its business scale is still small and medium industries. The forerunner of today's biggest coffee producer, such as Ship Fire brand has stood at that time (1927).
Growth in production of processed coffee, especially coffee powder continues to climb. Production of coffee powder Indonesia in 2008 reached 129 659 tons. In the last five years (2004-2008), the growth of coffee production reached an average of 5.0 percent per year. As will be discussed in another chapter in the book of this study, which was almost entirely domestic production of ground coffee is consumed in the local market, meaning that the relatively flat growth is a reflection of the growth of local consumption of coffee powder that grows relatively gentle anyway. 

Later, various processed coffee differentiation developed in the country, but it seems there are only two types of market gets, the instant coffee (without pulp) and coffee mix. instant coffee appeared on the domestic market along with the establishment of PT Nestle Indonesia (1993), and then PT Sari Incofood Corporation (1984). In the last five years, the production of instant coffee ranges in 10.000an thousand tons per year with a growth trend in the period 2004-2008 is relatively slow, reaching 4.3 percent per year. Instant coffee production in Indonesia in 2008 reached 10,995 tons, and production in 2009 is expected not much different from the previous year, which is 11,000 tons. 

Overall, the total production of coffee powder and instant coffee in 2008 reached 140 654 tonnes, up an average of 4.8 percent per year since 2004, or during the last five years. In 2009, the two types of coffee production is estimated at 141,000 tons. These production estimates are based on the effect of economic growth stagnated in 2009 as a continuation of the impact of the global financial crisis in 2007-2008 before. 



The coffee market in the country today is not only enlivened by the coffee powder and instant coffee, but also by the presence of more and more coffee mix coffee fans have a place in the country. This coffee excellence lies not only in the design of the packaging is such that it is very practical consumed, because dikemasan in sachet packaging, but also creativity serving coffee producers in many variants, both in terms of the decafeinated or non decafeinated; or in terms of a diverse mix of flavors. The surge in production is inevitable, even in quantity equaling or never equaled the amount of ground coffee production itself, which is 102 053 tonnes in 2005 (Source: CBS). Indeed, the production still looks choppy, and in 2008 amounted to 87 505 tonnes. 

Somehow broke down the economy in the last five years due to various crises hit, no doubt influenced the development of coffee production this mix as well. For, as is known, that the proportion of coffee in the coffee mix is actually relatively small (between 5 to 13% by volume), meaning that the largest components such as milk, sugar and other mixtures such as chocolate, ginseng, creamer, ginger and others. Because generally, coffee mix is packaged in a sachet, packaging cost factors also affect the production of this COFFEE. 

In terms of manufacturers, PT Santos Jaya Abadi is still a leader in the coffee business in Indonesia, where in the last three years (2007- 2009) the company was controlled between 44% to 45% share of the coffee market in Indonesia. While PT Eka Semesta Torabika still stalking in second with priduksi share in the range of 17% to 22%, followed by PT Sari Incoffod Corporation on production share between 13% to 14% and PT Nestle Indonesia the share of production in the range of 5% to 6% . 

In terms of production per company was also able to describe the competitive landscape of coffee in Indonesia, which is still dominated by a handful of large companies only. Although, as has been mentioned earlier that the total coffee producers in Indonesia is more than 400 companies, which are certainly still actively producing as many as 205 companies, but the number of small businesses that are hundreds of having only a share of the production of not more than 8% only. That is, the competitive landscape is clearly smaller companies is hard to be able to compete fairly against a handful of large companies which are very aggressive in advertising their products, both in the media of television, radio and print media. 

Not surprisingly, in the year 2009 the rigors of competition in the coffee business in Indonesia lives of more than 110 pieces of domestic companies, small or medium that is no longer able to operate, in which 69 companies have ceased operations and 17 company actually stopped production permanent basis, as well as three companies abandon plans to produce coffee business.

In general area and coffee production in Indonesia for 10 years terahir (2002-2011) coffee crop area expansion was almost no meaning. In the period of TSB. acreage has decreased by 4.6%. Similarly, in the same period Indonesia's coffee production has stagnated, even in the year 2011 decreased significantly, due to the erratic weather conditions. Approximately 95% of production TSB. a folk coffee (coffee smallholders), while the rest is a big coffee plantations (coffee estates). 

Robusta coffee composition approximately 83% of the total Indonesian coffee production and the remaining 17% in the form of arabica coffee. Comparison of robusta with arabica coffee production is expected that the percentage may be increased, which is to be 30% Arabica coffee and Robusta 70%

Some of the names of Indonesia's coffee production which has been known abroad commercially is the Gayo Arabica coffee spesialti Coffee, Coffee Lintong, Mandheling Coffee, Java Coffee, Civet Coffee, Bali Kintamani Coffee, Toraja Coffee & Flores / Bajawa Coffee which has become a mainstay Icon of Indonesian Coffee and a very well known abroad, because it has a distinctive flavor characteristics and (spesialti).

Some Coffee Producing Regions 



  1. Sumsel                     : Pagar Alam, Hulu Indragili 
  2. Lampung                 : Kab. West Lampung, Tanggamus, North Lampung 
  3. Bengkulu                 : Kepahiang, Curup, Rejang Lebong 
  4. JATIM                     : Kab. Jember, Banyuwangi. Situbondo, Bondowoso, Malang, Jombang 
  5. SUMUT                   : Kab. Tapanuli, Siantar, Samosir, Sidikalang 
  6. NAD                        : Central Aceh, Bener Meriah
  7. South Sulawesi        : Kab. Tana Toraja, policing and Enrekang 
  8. SUMBAR                : Kab. Agam, Padang Pariaman, Tanah Datar, Solok and Pasaman 


A. Arabica (High levels Specialty Coffee World): 

  1. Aceh Gayo Coffee 30000-40000 tons 
  2. North Sumatra Mandheling Coffee 10000-15000 tons 
  3. North Sumatra Coffee Linthong 5.000 - 10.000 tons 
  4.  Bengkulu Mangkuraja Coffee 1000-1500 tons 
  5.  Java, West Java Preanger 500-1500 tons 
  6.  East Java Java Coffee 3000-5000 tons 
  7. South Sulawesi Toraja Coffee 5.000 - 10.000 tons 
  8. South Sulawesi Toraja Toarco Estate Coffee 500-1000 tons 
  9. South Sulawesi Coffee Kalosi 5.000 - 10.000 tons 
  10.  Bali Bali Kintamani Coffee 2000-3000 tons 
  11.  Bali God Mountain Coffee 500-1000 tons 
  12.  Flores Flores Bajawa Coffee 2000-3000 tons 
  13.  Papua Baliem Valley Coffee 500-1000 tons 
  14.  Sumatra, Java, Bali, etc. Kopi Luwak 20-30 tons 
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Social and Culture of Coffee
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Coffee is often consumed alongside (or instead of) breakfast by many at home. It is often served at the end of a meal, normally with a dessert, and at times with an after-dinner mint especially when consumed at a restaurant or dinner party.
Aggressively promoted by the Pan-American Coffee Bureau, the "coffee break" was first promoted in 1952. Hitherto unknown in the workplace, its uptake was facilitated by the recent popularity of both instant coffee and vending machines, and has become an institution of the American workplace.

Coffeehouses


Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a "Kiva Han" in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, but with no documentation. Most widely known as coffeehouses or cafés, establishments serving prepared coffee or other hot beverages have existed for over five hundred years.

Coffeehouses in Mecca soon became a concern as places for political gatherings to the imams who banned them, and the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530 the first coffee house was opened in Damascus. First coffee houses in Constantinople was opened in 1475 by traders arriving from Damascus and Aleppo. Soon after, coffee houses became part of the Ottoman Culture, spreading rapidly to all regions of the Ottoman Empire.
In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established and quickly became popular. The first coffeehouses in Western Europe appeared in Venice, a result of the traffic between La Serenissima and the Ottomans; the very first one is recorded in 1645. The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford in 1650 by a Jewish man named Jacob in the building now known as "The Grand Cafe". A plaque on the wall still commemorates this and the Cafe is now a trendy cocktail bar. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England.
After the second Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683, the Viennese discovered many bags of coffee in the abandoned Ottoman encampment. Using this captured stock, a Polish soldier named Kulczycki opened the first coffeehouse in Vienna.
In 1672 an Armenian named Pascal established a coffee stall in Paris that was ultimately unsuccessful and the city had to wait until 1689 for its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cutò opened the Café Procope. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderotfrequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie, the first modern encyclopedia. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis and Paul Revere planned rebellion.
The modern espresso machine was born in Milan in 1945 by Achille Gaggia, and from there spread across coffeehouses and restaurants across Italy and the rest of Europe and North America in the early 1950s. An Italian named Pino Riservato opened the first espresso bar, the Moka Bar, in Soho in 1952, and there were 400 such bars in London alone by 1956. Cappucino was particularly popular among English drinkers. Similarly in the United States, the espresso craze spread. North Beach in San Francisco saw the opening of the Caffe Trieste in 1957, which saw Beat Generation poets such as Allen Ginsberg and Bob Kaufman alongside bemused Italian immigrants. Similar such cafes existed in Greenwich Village and elsewhere.
The first Peet's Coffee & Tea store opened in 1966 in Berkeley, California by Dutch native Alfred Peet. He chose to focus on roasting batches with fresher, higher quality seeds than was the norm at the time. He was a trainer and supplier to the founders of Starbuck’s.
The international coffeehouse chain Starbucks began as a modest business roasting and selling quality coffee seeds in 1971, by three college students Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl. The first store opened on March 30, 1971 at the Pike Place Market in Seattle, followed by a second and third over the next two years. EntrepreneurHoward Schultz joined the company in 1982 as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing, and pushed to sell premade espresso coffee. The others were reluctant, but Schultz opened Il Giornale in Seattle in April 1986. He bought the other owners out in March 1987 and pushed on with plans to expand—from 1987 to the end of 1991, the chain (rebranded from Il Giornale to Starbucks) expanded to over 100 outlets. The company has 16,600 stores in over 40 countries worldwide.
South Korea experienced almost 900 percent growth in the number of coffee shops in the country between 2006 and 2011. The capital city Seoul now has the highest concentration of coffee shops in the world, with more than 10,000 cafes and coffee houses.

Barista


Prohibition[edit]Barista is a contemporary term for a person who makes coffee beverages, often a coffeehouse employee. Though the title is not regulated, highly skilled baristas may be trained in numerous methods of brewing, and may be knowledgeable about or involved in the production of coffee at every stage, from seed to cup.


Coffee drinking was prohibited by jurists and scholars (ulema) meeting in Mecca in 1511 as haraam, but the subject of whether it was intoxicating was hotly debated over the next 30 years until the ban was finally overturned in the mid-16th century. Use in religious rites among the Sufibranch of Islam led to coffee's being put on trial in Mecca: it was accused of being a heretical substance, and its production and consumption were briefly repressed. It was later prohibited in Ottoman Turkey under an edict by the Sultan Murad IV.[7]Coffee was initially used for spiritual reasons. At least 1,100 years ago, traders brought coffee across the Red Sea into Arabia (modern-day Yemen), where Muslim dervishes began cultivating the shrub in their gardens. At first, the Arabians made wine from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries. This beverage was known as qishr (kisher in modern usage) and was used during religious ceremonies.

Coffee, regarded as a Muslim drink, was prohibited by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians until as late as 1889; it is now considered a national drink of Ethiopia for people of all faiths. Its early association in Europe with rebellious political activities led to Charles II outlawing coffeehouses from January 1676 (although the uproar created forced the monarch to back down two days before the ban was due to come into force). Frederick the Great banned it in Prussia in 1777 for nationalistic and economic reasons; concerned about the price of import, he sought to force the public back to consuming beer. Lacking coffee-producing colonies, Prussia had to import all its coffee at a great cost.
A contemporary example of religious prohibition of coffee can be found in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The organization holds that it is both physically and spiritually unhealthy to consume coffee. This comes from the Mormon doctrine of health, given in 1833 by founder Joseph Smith in a revelation called the Word of Wisdom. It does not identify coffee by name, but includes the statement that "hot drinks are not for the belly," which has been interpreted to forbid both coffee and tea.
Quite a number of members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church also avoid caffeinated drinks. In its teachings, the Church encourages members to avoid tea and coffee and other stimulants. Abstinence from coffee, tobacco and alcohol by many Adventists has afforded a near unique opportunity for studies to be conducted within that population group on the health effects of coffee drinking, free from confounding factors. One study was able to show a weak but statistically significant association between coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease, other cardiovascular disease, all cardiovascular diseases combined, and all causes of death.
For a time, there had been controversy in the Jewish community over whether the coffee seed was a legume and therefore prohibited forPassover. Upon petition from coffeemaker Maxwell House, the coffee seed was classified in 1923 as a berry rather than a seed by orthodox Jewish rabbi Hersch Kohn, and therefore kosher for Passover.

Fair trade

Since the founding of organisations such as the European Fair Trade Association (1987), the production and consumption of fair trade coffee has grown as some local and national coffee chains started to offer fair trade alternatives. For example, in April 2000, after a year-long campaign by the human rights organization Global Exchange, Starbucks decided to carry fair-trade coffee in its stores.[204] Since September 2009 all Starbucks Espresso beverages in UK and Ireland are made with Fairtrade and Shared Planet certified coffee. The concept of fair trade labeling, which guarantees coffee growers a negotiated preharvest price, began with the Max Havelaar Foundation'slabeling program in the Netherlands. In 2004, 24,222 metric tons (of 7,050,000 produced worldwide) were fair trade; in 2005, 33,991 metric tons out of 6,685,000 were fair trade, an increase from 0.34% to 0.51%. A number of fair trade impact studies have shown that fair trade coffee produces a mixed impact on the communities that grow it. Many studies are skeptical about fair trade, reporting that it often worsens the bargaining power of those who are not part of it. Coffee was incorporated into the fair-trade movement in 1988, when the Max Havelaar mark was introduced in the Netherlands. The very first fair-trade coffee was an effort to import a Guatemalan coffee into Europe as "Indio Solidarity Coffee".

A 2005 study done in Belgium concluded that consumers' buying behavior is not consistent with their positive attitude toward ethical products. On average 46% of European consumers claimed to be willing to pay substantially more for ethical products, including fair-trade products such as coffee. The study found that the majority of respondents were unwilling to pay the actual price premium of 27% for fair trade coffee.

Folklore and culture

The Oromo people would customarily plant a coffee tree on the graves of powerful sorcerers. They believed that the first coffee bush sprang up from the tears that the god of heaven shed over the corpse of a dead sorcerer.
Johann Sebastian Bach was inspired to pen the Coffee Cantata, about dependence on the beverage.

Coffee Day

In the United States, September 29 is celebrated as "National Coffee Day."[ Coffee Day is also celebrated in a handful of other countries as well.

Economic impacts


Coffee production attracted immigrants in search of better economic opportunities in the early 1900s. Mainly, these were Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, German, and Japanese nationals. For instance, São Paulo received approximately 733,000 immigrants in the decade preceding 1900, whilst only receiving approximately 201,000 immigrants in the six years to 1890. The production yield of coffee increases. In 1880, São Paulo produced 1.2 million bags (25% of total production), in 1888 2.6 million (40%), in 1902 8 million bags (60%). Coffee is then 63% of the country's exports. The gains made by this trade allow sustained economic growth in the country.Market volatility, and thus increased returns, during 1830 encouraged Brazilian entrepreneurs to shift their attention from gold to coffee, a crop hitherto reserved for local consumption. Concurrent with this shift was the commissioning of vital infrastructures, including approximately 7,000 km of railroads between 1860 and 1885. The creation of these railways enabled the importation of workers, in order to meet the enormous need for labor. This development primarily affected the State of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the Southern States of Brazil, most notably São Paulo, due to its favourable climate, soils, and terrain.

The four years between planting a coffee and the first harvest extends seasonal variations in the price of coffee. The Brazilian Government is thus forced, to some extent, to keep strong price subsidies during production periods. This policy of price support is inflation negative effect of plantations in São Paulo, resulting in a huge blockbuster to early 1930.

Competition

Coffee competitions take place across the globe with people at the regional competing to achieve national titles and then compete on the international stage. World Coffee Events holds the largest of such events moving the location of the final competition each year. The competition includes the following events: Barista Championship, Brewers Cup, Latte Art and Cup Tasters. A World Brewer's Cup Championship takes place in Melbourne, Australia every year that houses contestants from around the world to crown the World's Coffee King.

Other uses

While coffee is most well known as a beverage, it is also used as an ingredient in cooking. Recipes with coffee as a main or essential ingredient include North American pumpernickel, red-eye gravy, and tiramisu, among others. Coffee sauce is a culinary sauce that includes coffee in its preparation.
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Health and pharmacology Of Coffee
Unknown
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources

Method of action


In a healthy liver, caffeine is mostly broken down by the hepatic microsomal enzymatic system. The excreted metabolites are mostlyparaxanthines—theobromine and theophylline—and a small amount of unchanged caffeine. Therefore, the metabolism of caffeine depends on the state of this enzymatic system of the liver. The primary psychoactive chemical in coffee is caffeine, an adenosine antagonist that is known for its stimulant effects. Coffee also contains the monoamine oxidase inhibitors β-carboline and harmane, which may contribute to its psychoactivity.

General health


Extensive scientific research has been conducted to examine the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. The general consensus in the medical community is that moderate regular coffee drinking in healthy individuals is either essentially benign or mildly beneficial. In 2012, the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study analysed the relationship between coffee drinking and mortality. They found that the amount of coffee consumed correlated negatively with risk of death, and that those who drank any coffee lived longer than those who did not. However the authors noted, "whether this was a causal or associational finding cannot be determined from our data." A similar study with similar results was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2012. Researchers involved in an ongoing 22-year study by the Harvard School of Public Health stated that "Coffee may have potential health benefits, but more research needs to be done."
Findings have also been contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding the potentially harmful effects of coffee consumption. Furthermore, results and generalizations are complicated by differences in age, gender, health status, and serving size.

Health benefits

According to Cancer Research UK, the results of a large-scale study published in 2012 provided insight into the effect of coffee drinking on cancer, highlighting that there was indeed no association between the two. Study results showed that drinking coffee "had no effect on the risk of dying from cancer."
Other studies suggest coffee consumption reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, gout and cancer of liver, skin, prostate, bowel, brain, gullet, colon, endometrium, breast, mouth andthroat.
The fact that decaffeinated coffee also exhibits preventative effects against diseases such as prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes suggests that coffee's health benefits are not solely a product of its caffeine content. Specifically, the antidiabetic effect of caffeine has been attributed to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. The presence of antioxidants in coffee have been shown to prevent free radicals from causing cell damage, which could lead to cancer. Antioxidant levels vary depending on how the beans are roasted as well as for how long. Evidence suggests that roasted coffee has a stronger antioxidant effect than green coffee.
Coffee is no longer thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day. Moreover, habitual coffee consumption is associated with improved vascular function. In a ten year study among 50,739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996), coffee consumption was negatively correlated with risk of developing clinical depression. A review published in 2004 indicated a negative correlation between suicide rates and coffee consumption. It was suggested that the action of caffeine in blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine on dopamine nerves in the brain reduced feelings of depression. Coffee consumption is also associated with improved endothelial function. Coffee extracts have been shown to inhibit 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, an enzyme which converts cortisone to cortisol and is a current pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes type 2 and metabolic syndrome.

Health risks


Excessive amounts of coffee can cause very unpleasant and even life-threatening adverse effects. Coffee's adverse effects are more common when taken in excess. Many of coffee's health risks are due to its caffeine content and can therefore be avoided by drinking decaffeinated coffee.
Oily components called diterpenes are present in unfiltered coffee and coffee brewed using metal filters, but not in coffee brewed using paper filters; diterpenes may increase the risk of coronary heart disease.[4]

Coffee consumption can lead to iron deficiency anemia by interfering with iron absorption, especially in mothers and infants. Coffee's interference with iron absorption is due to the polyphenols it contains. However, excess iron is carcinogenic to the liver. Therefore, coffee consumption's negative correlation with the development of liver cancer is also attributed to polyphenols. Elderly individuals with a depleted enzymatic system do not tolerate coffee with caffeine well. Moderate amounts of coffee (50–100 mg of caffeine or 5–10 g of coffee powder a day) are well tolerated by most elderly people.

Although some chemicals in coffee are carcinogens in rodents at very high doses, research suggests that they are not dangerous at the levels consumed by humans. Instant coffee has a much greater amount of acrylamide than brewed coffee. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary stiffening of arterial walls. Coffee may aggravate pre-existing conditions such as migraines, arrhythmias, and cause sleep disturbances. It was once thought that coffee aggravatesgastroesophageal reflux disease but recent research suggests no link.
Coffee consumption has been found to transiently increase the risk of ischemic stroke onset, particularly among infrequent drinkers.
Caffeine can cause anxiety, especially in high doses and in those with pre-existing anxiety disorders.
Some research suggests that a minority of moderate regular caffeine consumers experience some amount of clinical depression, anxiety, low vigor, or fatigue when discontinuing their caffeine use. However, the methodology of the these studies has been criticized. Withdrawal effects are more common and better documented in heavy caffeine users.
About 15% of the U.S. general population reports having stopped drinking coffee altogether, citing concerns about their health and the unpleasant side effects of caffeine.
A 2013 study by Liu et al. published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings established a correlation between coffee consumption >28 cups per week (>4 cups per day) and an increase in all-cause mortality in the total population of men and in men and women younger than 55 years. This correlation was not statistically significant for people aged 55 years and older. The authors noted that certain limitations exist in the study, such as a lack of data on different coffee preparations that can vary the overall composition of coffee's constituent compounds (e.g., cafestol, kahweol), which could impact CVD risk factors; a lack of data on marital status and total energy consumption; and possible residual confounding from health-risk factors such as smoking. One of the study's co-authors stated, "We're not saying that coffee is the cause of death; we just noticed coffee is associated with increased risk of death," which addresses the distinction between correlation and causation.

Caffeine and headaches

Caffeine alleviates headaches acutely and is used medically for this purpose, generally in combination with a painkiller such as ibuprofen. However, chronic caffeine use and withdrawal can cause headaches. Research has consistently linked caffeine withdrawal to headaches, even in those who drink coffee in moderation. Additionally, studies have suggested that those that drink four or more cups of coffee a day experience headaches more often than controls, even without discontinuing their coffee consumption.

Withdrawal effects

Caffeine withdrawal causes consistent withdrawal effects.

Caffeine content

The caffeine content of a cup of coffee varies depending mainly on the brewing method, and also on the variety of seed.[172]
According to an article in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, coffee has the following caffeine content, depending on how it is prepared:
Serving sizeCaffeine content
Brewed7 oz, 207 ml80–135 mg
Drip7 oz, 207 ml115–175 mg
Espresso1.5–2 oz, 45–60 ml100 mg
While the percent of caffeine content in coffee seeds themselves diminishes with increased roast level, the opposite is true for coffee brewed from different grinds and brewing methods using the same proportion of coffee to water volume. The coffee sack (similar to the French press and other steeping methods) extracts more caffeine from dark roasted seeds; the percolator and espresso methods extract more caffeine from light roasted seeds.
Light roastMedium roastDark roast
Coffee sack – coarse grind0.0460.0450.054
Percolator – coarse grind0.0680.0650.060
Espresso – fine grind0.0690.0620.061
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