Coffee Lovers: historical transmission

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Did you know that coffee from Indonesia has a high taste and popular all over the world?

But do you know if it also has the effect of coffee is not good if consumed too much?

Well this time, before you join a group of people who should not drink coffee and could only swallow hard to see anyone else kissing this sweet black man, it helps us to know 7 Tips to Healthy Drinking Coffee follows:

1 dose

Indeed, there is no definitive measure for the dose of coffee may be consumed. However, most studies reveal that drinking 300 mg of caffeine (about 1 to 3 cups of coffee a day) does not give negative effects in most healthy people.

2 Signals Danger

When drank coffee is tasted fine, but often followed by guilt million. Recognize the danger signals of coffee so that we know when to stop drinking coffee. The danger signals include: anxiety, palpitations, sleep disturbances and mood disorders (eg, irritability). A coffee drinkers who stop drinking coffee may experience caffeine withdrawal is characterized by throbbing headache, but these symptoms will disappear after 24-48 hours or gets a new dose of caffeine.

3 Listen to the Response Body

Each person has their own restrictions on the consumption of caffeine. Most people can consume 2 cups of coffee a day without any problems. But some are having bad effects with the same amount of coffee consumption. There were recalled after drinking a cup of coffee being unable to sleep all night, otherwise there are fallen asleep after drinking coffee. So, the best way is to listen to your own body's response!

4 Identify Caffeine Content

After knowing the dose and the response of the body, it helps us to know the content of caffeine in products

How To Enjoy Coffee In Health

that often we consume. Coffee lest the recommended dose has been reached, but we still consume other products that contain caffeine so feel the bad effects of coffee. Some other products that need to be considered caffeine content such as: soft drinks, candy coffee, tea, chocolate, headache medicine.

Method of processing (roasting and brewing) also affect the content of caffeine in coffee. For example, one study showed that a cup of coffee at Starbucks contains an average of 259 mg of caffeine compared to coffee with the type and size of the same cup at Dunkin Donuts which only contains 149 mg of caffeine.

From other studies, decaf coffee (coffee without caffeine) good for those who are obese because it can increase HDL (good cholesterol) of about 50%. Whereas in those who are not obese can actually lower HDL cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease.

5. Coffee Mix

Five milligrams of calcium is lost for every 6 ounces of coffee consumed. However, this calcium loss can be overcome by adding 2 tablespoons of milk or make espresso latte. While the coffee mixture with alcohol is not good, especially in people with liver disorders and mix coffee with cream also should be avoided to reduce the excess calories. Caffeine also interact with some medications. For those who are taking medication, you should consult a doctor.

Many people believe coffee is the best friend a cigarette. Eits, make no mistake. A true coffee drinkers do not smoke! Cigarettes may reduce joy of coffee

6 The Anti-Coffee

The following groups are advised to avoid coffee: pregnant women, children, the elderly, people with heart and vascular disease (eg hypertension). Well, if it includes this group, forget the coffee!

7 Check Up

Perform periodic checks on health, in this case is a measure of blood pressure. The earlier hypertension is known, the better for further management.

Coffee Developments In Indonesia

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Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer in the world after Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia. The ability of Indonesia as one of the largest coffee producer in the world is a long story since the days of the Dutch East Indies government since the early 1900s. At that time, the Dutch East Indies government made coffee as one of the export commodity. produced by coffee plantations managed by the Dutch government and almost all of these are exported, except unsold coffee exported. This low-quality coffee sold to the domestic market. In line with the establishment of coffee plantations at that time, then mushroomed precisely ground coffee processing industry, although the majority of its business scale is still small and medium industries. The forerunner of today's biggest coffee producer, such as Ship Fire brand has stood at that time (1927).

Growth in production of processed coffee, especially coffee powder continues to climb. Production of coffee powder Indonesia in 2008 reached 129 659 tons. In the last five years (2004-2008), the growth of coffee production reached an average of 5.0 percent per year. As will be discussed in another chapter in the book of this study, which was almost entirely domestic production of ground coffee is consumed in the local market, meaning that the relatively flat growth is a reflection of the growth of local consumption of coffee powder that grows relatively gentle anyway.

Later, various processed coffee differentiation developed in the country, but it seems there are only two types of market gets, the instant coffee (without pulp) and coffee mix. instant coffee appeared on the domestic market along with the establishment of PT Nestle Indonesia (1993), and then PT Sari Incofood Corporation (1984). In the last five years, the production of instant coffee ranges in 10.000an thousand tons per year with a growth trend in the period 2004-2008 is relatively slow, reaching 4.3 percent per year. Instant coffee production in Indonesia in 2008 reached 10,995 tons, and production in 2009 is expected not much different from the previous year, which is 11,000 tons.

Overall, the total production of coffee powder and instant coffee in 2008 reached 140 654 tonnes, up an average of 4.8 percent per year since 2004, or during the last five years. In 2009, the two types of coffee production is estimated at 141,000 tons. These production estimates are based on the effect of economic growth stagnated in 2009 as a continuation of the impact of the global financial crisis in 2007-2008 before.

The coffee market in the country today is not only enlivened by the coffee powder and instant coffee, but also by the presence of more and more coffee mix coffee fans have a place in the country. This coffee excellence lies not only in the design of the packaging is such that it is very practical consumed, because dikemasan in sachet packaging, but also creativity serving coffee producers in many variants, both in terms of the decafeinated or non decafeinated; or in terms of a diverse mix of flavors. The surge in production is inevitable, even in quantity equaling or never equaled the amount of ground coffee production itself, which is 102 053 tonnes in 2005 (Source: CBS). Indeed, the production still looks choppy, and in 2008 amounted to 87 505 tonnes.

Somehow broke down the economy in the last five years due to various crises hit, no doubt influenced the development of coffee production this mix as well. For, as is known, that the proportion of coffee in the coffee mix is actually relatively small (between 5 to 13% by volume), meaning that the largest components such as milk, sugar and other mixtures such as chocolate, ginseng, creamer, ginger and others. Because generally, coffee mix is packaged in a sachet, packaging cost factors also affect the production of this COFFEE.

In terms of manufacturers, PT Santos Jaya Abadi is still a leader in the coffee business in Indonesia, where in the last three years (2007- 2009) the company was controlled between 44% to 45% share of the coffee market in Indonesia. While PT Eka Semesta Torabika still stalking in second with priduksi share in the range of 17% to 22%, followed by PT Sari Incoffod Corporation on production share between 13% to 14% and PT Nestle Indonesia the share of production in the range of 5% to 6% .

In terms of production per company was also able to describe the competitive landscape of coffee in Indonesia, which is still dominated by a handful of large companies only. Although, as has been mentioned earlier that the total coffee producers in Indonesia is more than 400 companies, which are certainly still actively producing as many as 205 companies, but the number of small businesses that are hundreds of having only a share of the production of not more than 8% only. That is, the competitive landscape is clearly smaller companies is hard to be able to compete fairly against a handful of large companies which are very aggressive in advertising their products, both in the media of television, radio and print media.

Not surprisingly, in the year 2009 the rigors of competition in the coffee business in Indonesia lives of more than 110 pieces of domestic companies, small or medium that is no longer able to operate, in which 69 companies have ceased operations and 17 company actually stopped production permanent basis, as well as three companies abandon plans to produce coffee business.

In general area and coffee production in Indonesia for 10 years terahir (2002-2011) coffee crop area expansion was almost no meaning. In the period of TSB. acreage has decreased by 4.6%. Similarly, in the same period Indonesia's coffee production has stagnated, even in the year 2011 decreased significantly, due to the erratic weather conditions. Approximately 95% of production TSB. a folk coffee (coffee smallholders), while the rest is a big coffee plantations (coffee estates).

Robusta coffee composition approximately 83% of the total Indonesian coffee production and the remaining 17% in the form of arabica coffee. Comparison of robusta with arabica coffee production is expected that the percentage may be increased, which is to be 30% Arabica coffee and Robusta 70%

Some of the names of Indonesia's coffee production which has been known abroad commercially is the Gayo Arabica coffee spesialti Coffee, Coffee Lintong, Mandheling Coffee, Java Coffee, Civet Coffee, Bali Kintamani Coffee, Toraja Coffee & Flores / Bajawa Coffee which has become a mainstay Icon of Indonesian Coffee and a very well known abroad, because it has a distinctive flavor characteristics and (spesialti).

Some Coffee Producing Regions

Sumsel : Pagar Alam, Hulu Indragili
Lampung : Kab. West Lampung, Tanggamus, North Lampung
Bengkulu : Kepahiang, Curup, Rejang Lebong
JATIM : Kab. Jember, Banyuwangi. Situbondo, Bondowoso, Malang, Jombang
SUMUT : Kab. Tapanuli, Siantar, Samosir, Sidikalang
NAD : Central Aceh, Bener Meriah
South Sulawesi : Kab. Tana Toraja, policing and Enrekang
SUMBAR : Kab. Agam, Padang Pariaman, Tanah Datar, Solok and Pasaman

A. Arabica (High levels Specialty Coffee World):

Aceh Gayo Coffee 30000-40000 tons
North Sumatra Mandheling Coffee 10000-15000 tons
North Sumatra Coffee Linthong 5.000 - 10.000 tons
Bengkulu Mangkuraja Coffee 1000-1500 tons
Java, West Java Preanger 500-1500 tons
East Java Java Coffee 3000-5000 tons
South Sulawesi Toraja Coffee 5.000 - 10.000 tons
South Sulawesi Toraja Toarco Estate Coffee 500-1000 tons
South Sulawesi Coffee Kalosi 5.000 - 10.000 tons
Bali Bali Kintamani Coffee 2000-3000 tons
Bali God Mountain Coffee 500-1000 tons
Flores Flores Bajawa Coffee 2000-3000 tons
Papua Baliem Valley Coffee 500-1000 tons
Sumatra, Java, Bali, etc. Kopi Luwak 20-30 tons

The History Of Coffee In Indonesia

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Coffee became famous in Indonesia in 1696 when Mayor semanjak Asterdam, Nicholas Witsen ordered the commander of the Dutch forces in the Malabar Coast, Adrian Van Ommen, to bring the beans to Batavia. Arabica coffee is first grown and developed at a place in the east Djatinegara, which uses ground partikelir Kedaung now better known as Pondok Coffee. Some time later arabica coffee spread to various areas in West Java such as Bogor, Sukabumi, Banten and Priangan, until then spread to other areas, such as Sumatera, Sulawesi, Bali and Timor.

Shortly after that, coffee became a very reliable trading commodity VOC. Exports of coffee first performed in 1711 by the VOC, and during the 10-year exports increased to 60 tons / year. Therefore, the Dutch East Indies became the first plantation outside of Arabia and Ethiopia which makes VOC monopolize the coffee trade from 1725 to 1780.

To support the production of coffee, VOCs make lopsided agreements with the local authorities where the native coffee plant are required to be submitted to the VOC. This agreement is called Koffiestelsel (coffee system). Thanks to this system is also of high quality coffee beans from Java land could overwhelm Europe. Java coffee was so terkenak while in Europe so that Europeans call it instead a cup of coffee, but a cup of java. Until the mid-19th century, Javanese coffee is the best in the world.

Coffee trading system continue even then dissolved VOC and Dutch East Indies was ruled by the Dutch command. When Hermann Willem Daendels (1762-1818) reign, he built a road from the tip to the eastern tip of Java bawat the Anyer-Panarukan. The goal is to facilitate the transport of soldiers and correspondence Dutch in Java. The other reason, of course, to speed up the coffee beans from the eastern tip of Java reaches port in Batavia, and then shipped to the Netherlands for sale to Europe.

Suffering due koffie stelsel then continues with alias cultuurstelsel forced cultivation system. Through a system of forced cultivation created Johannes van den Bosch (1780-1844), the people are required for growing government-owned export commodities, including coffee at one fifth of the cultivated land, or work for 66 days at the government-owned plantations. As a result, there was a famine in the land of Java and Sumatra in the 1840s. However, thanks to the Java cultuurstelsel became the largest supplier of coffee beans in Europe. In between the years 1830-1834 in Java Arabica coffee production reached 26,600 tons, hose 30 years later coffee production had increased to 79 600 tonnes.

Java coffee production reached its zenith in the 19th century, which in 1880-1884 reached 94.4 thousand tons. At that time, coffee plays a much more important role than the sugar cane. If the value of coffee exports on average between the years 1865-1970 reached 25.965 million guilders, then in the same period the average export value of sugar cane just reached 8.416 million guilders.

Fall of java coffee started when disease struck in 1878 coffee plantations across the archipelago Each affected coffee pest caused by Hemileia Vasatrix. The disease kills all plants that grow arabica in the lowlands. Arabica coffee is grown on the remaining land is just as high as 1,000 meters above sea level.

The fading glories of Java coffee is then filled by Arabica coffee from Brazil and Colombia who continue to dominate until now. Even so, the rest of Arabica coffee plants are still found in pockets in Indonesian coffee producers, among others, Ijen plateau (East Java), high soil Toraja (South Sulawesi), as well as the upper slopes of the Bukit Barisan mountains (Sunatera), as Mandailaing, Lintong and Sidikalang (Sumatra), as well as the central highlands (Aceh).

To address these vicious pests, the Dutch government then Liberika coffee plant more pest resistant. Unfortunately, this variety is not so long and also popular pests. So Robusta coffee was introduced in Indonesia in the early 1900s to replace Liberika and arabica coffee were destroyed because of pests. Robusta coffee is more resistant to pests is considered as an appropriate alternative to coffee plantations, especially in low-lying areas. Currently, coffee production in Indonesia ranks fourth largest in the world.

The History Of Coffee

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Legendary accounts

According to legend, ancestors of today's Oromo people were believed to have been the first to recognize the energizing effect of the coffee plant, though no direct evidence has been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the native populations might have used it as a stimulant or even known about it, earlier than the 17th century.

The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goatherder who discovered coffee when noticed how excited his goats became after eating the beans from a coffee plant, did not appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. The original domesticated coffee plant is said to have been from Harar in Ethiopia.

Other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheikh Omar. According to the ancient chronicle (preserved in the Abd-Al-Kadir manuscript), Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer, was once exiled from Mocha, Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab. Starving, Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery, but found them to be bitter. He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor, but they became hard. He then tried boiling them to soften the seed, which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid. Upon drinking the liquid Omar was revitalized and sustained for days. As stories of this "miracle drug" reached Mocha, Omar was asked to return and was made a saint. From Ethiopia, the coffee plant was introduced into the Arab World through Egypt and Yemen.

Historical transmission

The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in the Sufi Muslim monasteries around Mocha in Yemen.

It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed, in a similar way to how it is now prepared. By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. Coffee seeds were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen. Yemeni traders took coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed. The first coffee smuggled out of the Middle East was by Sufi Baba Budan from Yemen to India in 1670. Before then, all exported coffee was boiled or otherwise sterilised. Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having smuggled seven coffee seeds by strapping them to his chest. The first plants grown from these smuggled seeds were planted in Mysore. Coffee then spread to Italy, and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, and to the Americas.

In 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf, a German physician, gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten-year trip to the Near East:

A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerous illnesses, particularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful. It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu.

—Léonard Rauwolf, Reise in die Morgenländer (in German)

From the Middle East, coffee spread to Italy. The thriving trade between Venice and North Africa, Egypt, and the Middle East brought many goods, including coffee, to the Venetian port. From Venice, it was introduced to the rest of Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the "Muslim drink." The first European coffee house opened in Rome in 1645.

The Dutch East India Company was the first to import coffee on a large scale. The Dutch later grew the crop in Java and Ceylon. The first exports of Indonesian coffee from Java to the Netherlands occurred in 1711.

Through the efforts of the British East India Company, coffee became popular in England as well. Oxford's Queen's Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is still in existence today. Coffee was introduced in France in 1657, and in Austria and Poland after the 1683 Battle of Vienna, when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks.

When coffee reached North America during the Colonial period, it was initially not as successful as it had been in Europe as alcoholic beverages remained more popular. During the Revolutionary War, the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically; this was also due to the reduced availability of tea from British merchants, and a general resolution among many Americans to avoid drinking tea following the 1773 Boston Tea Party.

After the War of 1812, during which Britain temporarily cut off access to tea imports, the Americans' taste for coffee grew. Coffee consumption declined in England, giving way to tea during the 18th century. The latter beverage was simpler to make, and had become cheaper with the British conquest of India and the tea industry there. During the Age of Sail, seamen aboard ships of the British Royal Navy made substitute coffee by dissolving burnt bread in hot water.

The Frenchman Gabriel de Clieu took a coffee plant to the French territory of Martinique in the Caribbean, from which much of the world's cultivated arabica coffee is descended. Coffee thrived in the climate and was conveyed across the Americas. The territory of Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic) saw coffee cultivated from 1734, and by 1788 it supplied half the world's coffee. The conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon to follow Haitian Revolution. The coffee industry never fully recovered there. It made a brief come-back in 1949 when Haiti was the world's 3rd largest coffee exporter, but fell quickly into rapid decline.

Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time, massive tracts of rainforest were cleared first from the vicinity of Rio and later São Paulo for coffee plantations. Cultivation was taken up by many countries in Central America in the latter half of the 19th century, and almost all involved the large-scale displacement and exploitation of the indigenous people. Harsh conditions led to many uprisings, coups and bloody suppression of peasants. The notable exception was Costa Rica, where lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms. Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th centuries.

Coffee has become a vital cash crop for many developing countries. Over one hundred million people in developing countries have become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income. It has become the primary export and backbone for African countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, as well as many Central American countries.

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